Composing Dynamic Landscape Images
Guest Post by Todd Sisson from www.sisson.co.nz and author of our Living Landscapes eBook – a guide to taking stunning Landscapes.
As a landscape photographer I am constantly seeking that next
X-factor shot – an image that leaps from the screen or page and demands
the viewer’s attention – preferably attention of the favourable variety.
If you spend an hour or two on a photosharing site like Flickr viewing landscape images in un- curated groups you will note that a very small percentage of the total image population stands out from the crowd.
However, if you view a carefully curated collection of top-shelf landscape images you will probably start to notice some themes appearing. Certain visual cues and devices appear across multiple images – there will often be subtle commonalities between these attention hogging photos.
In many instances these images will possess the qualities of what I consider a dynamic landscape image.
There is no dictionary entry that defines a Dynamic Landscape Image* –
heck, there’s not even a Wikipedia entry – so it is a somewhat personal
interpretation.
To my mind, a dynamic landscape image is one that in some way conveys the energy and scale of the natural world. Dynamic images also often seek to breach the confines of their 2D medium by inferring a sense of depth – many truly dynamic image have an almost 3D quality about them.
*As far as I am aware, the term Dynamic Landscape was first popularised by the late Galen Rowell – one of the most influential American landscape photographers of his generation. Rowell used the term to demarcate his work from the somewhat literal colour landscape photography that dominated the early 1970’s. Although he was certainly not the only photographer employing these principles in his work, he appears to have been an excellent self-promoter and the term is somewhat synonymous with his name.
I feel that the goal of a successful composition is to draw the eye into image and hold it there for as long as possible – which is seemingly, a maximum 15 milliseconds these days*. The following image is an example of an image that I feel achieves this objective.
This image combines all of the elements that I feel comprise a Dynamic Landscape Image:
So let’s have a very quick look at each of these Dynamic Landscape factors.
This is why photos of wharves, roads, and rivers make such successful photographic subjects. Although many consider such subjects to be cliches, I strongly council my workshop students to shoot them heavily to build an awareness of the power of a line in an image.
Leading lines not only draw attention into the image, they can also help to hold the eye within the confines of the image.
Check out the crudely overlaid wharf image below combines the strong converging lines of the wharf with secondary supporting lines in the water, hills and clouds.
Look for these lines whenever you are shooting – they are almost everywhere.
Hence I rarely find myself shooting at my natural standing position. For some reason, compositions seem to get more dynamic the closer you are to the ground/mud/ snow/ice-encrusted cow turd – it’s just the way it is.
This is especially apparent when using an ultra-wide lens. Subject matter becomes incredibly diminutive and interesting leading lines really lose their visual power when viewed from 5 or 6 feet high – so try getting uncomfortably close and low.
Aim high also. Look for ways to gain elevation to find that privileged viewpoint – I find that this often works really well when shooting telephoto lengths for some reason. Try scrambling up banks, standing on cars and sitting on your wife’s/husband’s shoulders (sans tripod) in an effort to find an interesting perspective.
Take a sunset/sunrise for example. Sure, spectacular light makes for great images, but personally photos that contain nothing but vast expanses of super-saucy red clouds do little to engage me as a viewer.
The best dynamic images typically have a strong point of interest in the lower half, or foreground. This is your visual entree into an image. If your foreground element happens to include leading lines you are quite possibly onto the much vaunted money-shot.
It is very much a balancing act – defining who or what element gets to play the lead role in your composition. Ideally the background is where the eye should gravitate to and the foreground should pick up a gong for best supporting actor.
Unusually, I didn’t scramble to find a foreground element for this
image – I staggered. Four minutes earlier I had been happily sleeping in
the back of my truck – my alarm went off and I saw this – panic
ensued….
For a dynamic landscape image to work, balance must prevail. Hence I attempt to avoid filling the frame with too much colour (yes, there is such a thing – see below).
*I am even partial to the American version – colour.
Basically all I am referring to is the phenomenon of vignetting.
The eye is drawn towards lightness within an image, particularly near the centre of frame. Furthermore, the eye is restrained by darkness at the edges of the frame.
When employed deftly, the viewer’s eye is gently drawn into the image by lightness and held there by the darker edges of the image.
Don’t just get locked into shooting long exposures either – frozen, or partially-frozen motion can convey movement just as well as a long exposure in some circumstances (see the first image, Summer Storm, for an example of this).
In order to compensate for their ‘lost’ colour Black & Whiters will often apply industrial grade quantities of Vision Locking Tonal Control (that’s why vignette sliders to go -100) and rely heavily upon strong graphical elements such as leading lines (you will find a lot of B&W photos of wharves and sewerage pipes heading out to sea).
I would show you an example of this, but I am mono-challenged. If you want to see B&W Dynamic landscapes at their best check out the work of Mitch Dobrowner & Hengki Koentjoro.
In fact, many of my favourite images by others are beautifully composed static, flat compositions. These ‘static’ images respectfully comply with the two dimensional constraints of the photographic medium and rely upon a separate set of visual devices in order to ‘succeed’.
If you spend an hour or two on a photosharing site like Flickr viewing landscape images in un- curated groups you will note that a very small percentage of the total image population stands out from the crowd.
However, if you view a carefully curated collection of top-shelf landscape images you will probably start to notice some themes appearing. Certain visual cues and devices appear across multiple images – there will often be subtle commonalities between these attention hogging photos.
In many instances these images will possess the qualities of what I consider a dynamic landscape image.
What is a Dynamic Landscape Image?
Summer
Storm, Queenstown New Zealand. An example of a dynamic landscape image.
To maximise the number of dynamic elements in this image I locked this
composition off in the field and shot multiple images. The best of about
five wave-action frames were then blended together to form the final
image.
To my mind, a dynamic landscape image is one that in some way conveys the energy and scale of the natural world. Dynamic images also often seek to breach the confines of their 2D medium by inferring a sense of depth – many truly dynamic image have an almost 3D quality about them.
*As far as I am aware, the term Dynamic Landscape was first popularised by the late Galen Rowell – one of the most influential American landscape photographers of his generation. Rowell used the term to demarcate his work from the somewhat literal colour landscape photography that dominated the early 1970’s. Although he was certainly not the only photographer employing these principles in his work, he appears to have been an excellent self-promoter and the term is somewhat synonymous with his name.
Dynamic Composition
Composition is the backbone of all great photos – dynamic or otherwise – but it is essential in the creation of a truly strong landscape image.I feel that the goal of a successful composition is to draw the eye into image and hold it there for as long as possible – which is seemingly, a maximum 15 milliseconds these days*. The following image is an example of an image that I feel achieves this objective.
Sunrise Over The Moeraki Boulders, Otago New Zealand. Seascapes lend themselves to the creation of dynamic landscape images.
- Leading or converging lines
- Interesting perspective
- Visually interesting foreground elements
- Visually interesting mid-ground & background elements
- Vivid colour or incredible light
- Vision-locking tonal control
- Suggestion of movement
So let’s have a very quick look at each of these Dynamic Landscape factors.
Leading Lines & Converging Lines
One of the simplest ways to draw a viewer’s attention into an image is to use converging or leading lines. Converging lines have been used by painters for centuries to create the illusion of depth within a 2 dimensional medium.This is why photos of wharves, roads, and rivers make such successful photographic subjects. Although many consider such subjects to be cliches, I strongly council my workshop students to shoot them heavily to build an awareness of the power of a line in an image.
Leading lines not only draw attention into the image, they can also help to hold the eye within the confines of the image.
Check out the crudely overlaid wharf image below combines the strong converging lines of the wharf with secondary supporting lines in the water, hills and clouds.
Look for these lines whenever you are shooting – they are almost everywhere.
The
Wharf at Frankton, Queenstown New Zealand. Shoot ‘cliched’ subjects
like wharves and roads until it hurts a little. The pain is just your
visual muscles growing stronger. Shooting man-made lines will teach you
to look for more subtle lines in nature.
Although
the wharf is the primary leading line device in this image there are a
number of leading lines present in the water, hills and clouds. The
darker reflected lines in the water help hold the eye in the central
region of the frame.
Interesting Perspective
As a photographer you are an artist not a forensic documentarian. You get paid the mega-bucks and live the champagne lifestyle to show your audience something a little different – that is your raison d’être.Hence I rarely find myself shooting at my natural standing position. For some reason, compositions seem to get more dynamic the closer you are to the ground/mud/ snow/ice-encrusted cow turd – it’s just the way it is.
This is especially apparent when using an ultra-wide lens. Subject matter becomes incredibly diminutive and interesting leading lines really lose their visual power when viewed from 5 or 6 feet high – so try getting uncomfortably close and low.
Aim high also. Look for ways to gain elevation to find that privileged viewpoint – I find that this often works really well when shooting telephoto lengths for some reason. Try scrambling up banks, standing on cars and sitting on your wife’s/husband’s shoulders (sans tripod) in an effort to find an interesting perspective.
Paddock
Bay, Lake Wanaka New Zealand. Getting uncomfortably low in this
instance dramatically altered the perceived form of the rock on the
lower right of the frame. B y moving about I was able to create the
satisfying impression of the rock ‘interlocking’ with the reflection.
Note the strong leading line formed here also.
Foreground Elements
I believe that a dynamic image almost always possesses a strong foreground element, or elements, that complement the greater scene.Take a sunset/sunrise for example. Sure, spectacular light makes for great images, but personally photos that contain nothing but vast expanses of super-saucy red clouds do little to engage me as a viewer.
The best dynamic images typically have a strong point of interest in the lower half, or foreground. This is your visual entree into an image. If your foreground element happens to include leading lines you are quite possibly onto the much vaunted money-shot.
Lupin(e)s,
Fiordland New Zealand. Yeah, this is cheating – foreground elements
don’t come much easier than this. That aside, keen observers will note
the subtle converging lines formed out of the lupin pattern. This was
accentuated by deliberately placing a bloom in each corner and leaving a
little empty space at the bottom of the frame. Sunstars make an
exceptional background element (segues niftily to my next point)
Visually interesting Background Elements
I often compose back to front. Firstly I will find the subject of my image, say a spectacular sunset playing out on mountains, and then I will run around like a deranged prison escapee in search of a foreground element to complement the background.It is very much a balancing act – defining who or what element gets to play the lead role in your composition. Ideally the background is where the eye should gravitate to and the foreground should pick up a gong for best supporting actor.
Milford
Sound, Fiordland New Zealand. The star of this image is the dramatic
light playing out in the clouds over the eye- catching form of Mitre
Peak – the foreground & mid ground elements are critical supporting
parts of the whole composition but don’t hog the lime-light.
Vivid Colour or Incredible Light
By now it should be obvious that I have some un-checked colour-dependancy issues. I love colour*, especially natural light shows. However, I feel that vivid colour needs to be kept in balance and be a part of the overall composition. Too often I see images that rely solely upon dollops of super- saturated colour.For a dynamic landscape image to work, balance must prevail. Hence I attempt to avoid filling the frame with too much colour (yes, there is such a thing – see below).
*I am even partial to the American version – colour.
Sunrise
from Mt Taranaki / Egmont, New Zealand. In this image the main act was
the rapidly dissipating beams of sunrise goodness and the rich colour in
the clouds. Lens choice and composition mean that the sunrise colour is
just one component of the image. I often like to keep dark forms in my
images (anathema to the HDR readers amongst you) as a counterpoint to
the extreme lightness of a sunset/sunrise. I find the dark hills here
quite mysterious in contrast to the sunstar and clouds.
Too
much colour. This was one of the most intense sunrises that I have ever
witnessed. I should have just sat and enjoyed it – this is just too
much colour for my tastes – it looks un-realistic. This shot has
actually been partially de-saturated in an effort to tame the colour.
Vision-locking Tonal Control
I am tempted to trademark this term – it sounds like a mind-control experiment deployed by shady branches of the US intelligence community.Basically all I am referring to is the phenomenon of vignetting.
The eye is drawn towards lightness within an image, particularly near the centre of frame. Furthermore, the eye is restrained by darkness at the edges of the frame.
When employed deftly, the viewer’s eye is gently drawn into the image by lightness and held there by the darker edges of the image.
Look
at all of the images above and you will see this technique in use.
Often this happens in- camera just by virtue of the composition and
through use of ND grad filters. However, I will often darken the top
edge of an image in post and even add a subtle vignette as the last
thing I do. Weird Cloud formation & Road to Nowhere. Alexandra New
Zealand. In order to achieve vision-lock here I painted in a brighter
layer near the central portion of the image. A little vignetting was
added to further enhance the effect.
Suggested Motion
Suggested motion, by way of blur or frozen motion is not always an achievable, or desirable, element to utilise within an image – but it can add another layer of dynamism to a composition.Don’t just get locked into shooting long exposures either – frozen, or partially-frozen motion can convey movement just as well as a long exposure in some circumstances (see the first image, Summer Storm, for an example of this).
Moeraki
Boulder, Otago New Zealand. Long Exposure motion blur creates a dynamic
tension between the static boulder and the relentless sea. Note the
other dynamic ingredients added to this image – interesting perspective,
use of colour, vision-lock, foreground/background interest.
Can Dynamic Landscape Images be B&W?
Absolutely. There are many thousands of truly incredible B&W dynamic landscape images. No style renders texture and contrast better than B&W – at it’s best it is magnificent.In order to compensate for their ‘lost’ colour Black & Whiters will often apply industrial grade quantities of Vision Locking Tonal Control (that’s why vignette sliders to go -100) and rely heavily upon strong graphical elements such as leading lines (you will find a lot of B&W photos of wharves and sewerage pipes heading out to sea).
I would show you an example of this, but I am mono-challenged. If you want to see B&W Dynamic landscapes at their best check out the work of Mitch Dobrowner & Hengki Koentjoro.
So Are All Good Landscape Images ‘Dynamic’?
Not at all. Stunning images can be made by avoiding almost all of the techniques that I have just espoused in this essay. Dynamic Landscape composition is just one style of landscape photography.In fact, many of my favourite images by others are beautifully composed static, flat compositions. These ‘static’ images respectfully comply with the two dimensional constraints of the photographic medium and rely upon a separate set of visual devices in order to ‘succeed’.
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